| Wallace John Eckert | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 19, 1902 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Died | August 24, 1971 (aged 69) |
| Nationality | United States |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Institutions | Columbia University United States Naval Observatory |
| Doctoral advisor | Ernest William Brown |
| Known for | Scientific computing |
| Influenced | Herb Grosch Llewellyn Thomas |
| Notable awards | James Craig Watson Medal |
Wallace John Eckert (June 19, 1902 – August 24, 1971) was an American astronomer, who directed the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia University which evolved into the research division of IBM.
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Wallace John Eckert was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was not related to another computer pioneer of the time, J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995). He graduated from Oberlin College in 1925, and earned an MA from Amherst College in 1931.[1] He started teaching at Columbia University in 1926, and earned his PhD from Yale in 1931 in astronomy under Professor Ernest William Brown (1866–1938).[2]
Around 1933 Eckert proposed interconnecting punched card tabulating machines from IBM located in Columbia's Rutherford Laboratory to perform more than simple statistical calculations. Eckert arranged with IBM president Thomas J. Watson for a donation of newly developed IBM 601 calculating punch, which could multiply instead of just adding and subtracting.[3] In 1937 the facility was named the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau. IBM support included customer service and hardware circuit modifications needed to tabulate numbers, create mathematical tables, add, subtract, multiply, reproduce, verify, create tables of differences, create tables of logarithms and perform Lagrangian interpolation, all to solve differential equations for astronomical applications. In January 1940, Eckert published Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, which solved the problem of predicting the orbits of the planets, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card. This slim book is only 136 pages, including the index.
In 1940, World War II had broken out in Europe (but the US was not officially involved). Eckert became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC. The increased demand for navigation tables prompted him to automate the process, using punched card equipment. The 1941 almanac was the first to be produced using automated equipment, down to the final typesetting.[4][5] Martin Schwarzschild became directory of the Columbia laboratory while Eckert was at USNO.
Columbia Physics professor Dana P. Mitchell served in the Manhattan Project (developing the first nuclear weapons) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. By 1943 the laborious simulation calculations used electromechanical calculators of that time operated by human "computers," mostly wives of the scientists. Mitchell suggested using IBM machines like his colleague Eckert. Nicholas Metropolis and Richard Feynman organizing a punched card solution, proving its effectiveness for physics research and prompting the use of more powerful computers.[6]
After the war Eckert moved back to Columbia. Watson had just had a falling out with Harvard University over a project IBM had funded. IBM would instead focus their funding on Columbia, and Eckert's laboratory was named Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory. Eckert understood the significance of his laboratory, keenly aware of the advantage of scientific calculations performed without human interventions for long stretches of computation. A massive machine built to Eckert's specifications was built and installed behind glass at IBM's headquarters on Madison Avenue in January 1948. Known as the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator, it was used as a caculating device with some success, but served even better as a recruiting tool.[7] Eckert publisher a description of the SSEC in November 1948.[8]
As an employee of IBM, Eckert directed one of the first industrial research laboratories in the country. In 1945 he hired Herb Grosch[9] and Llewellyn Thomas[10] as the next two IBM research scientists, who both made significant contributions. When Cuthbert Hurd became the next PhD to be hired by IBM in 1949, he was offered a position with Eckert, but instead founded the Applied Science Department, and later directed the development of IBM's first commercial stored program computer (the IBM 701) based on the demand demonstrated by applications such as those of Eckert.[11]
In 1957 the Watson lab moved to Yorktown Heights, New York (with a new building completed in 1961) where it is known as the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.[12] Eckert won the James Craig Watson Medal in 1966 from the US National Academy of Sciences.[13] He attended the launch of Apollo 14 just before his death August 24, 1971 in New Jersey.[2] His wife was Penelope Applegate and he had two children.[14]